Friday, July 14, 2017

The History of 18th Century Red Earthenware Sugar or Syrup Jars in York, Maine and Portsmouth, New Hampshire

According to an article written by Barbara H. Magid for the 2005 edition of 'Ceramics in America,' titled, 'Sugar Refining Pottery from Alexandria and Baltimore,' "From at least the Middle Ages until the nineteenth century the sugar refining industry used two unique forms of industrial pottery: thick rimmed syrup jars (pots) and conical sugar molds. These distinctive forms have been found at archaeological sites in Cyprus, England (Southampton, Exeter, York and Bristol), France (Sadirac, Rouen and Bourdeaux), the West Indies, Faneuil Hall in Boston, the Lambert-Douglas Plantation site in Trenton, New Jersey, and the Metropolitan Detention Center site in Philadelphia. They were also used for nineteenth century sugar refineries in Alexandria, Virginia and Baltimore, Maryland."

Remarkably, eighteenth century thick rimmed red earthenware molasses jars have also been recovered in a few different archaeological contexts in Portsmouth, New Hampshire that include the Piscataqua River, which likely proves the route that some of these jars traveled when they arrived in the city before the American Revolution.

Nevertheless, similar whole jars have been discovered in early-contexts of ownership only a few miles to the north in York, Maine. A jar that was likely Caribbean-made was discovered a few years ago inside an eighteenth century home (see below) in Old York Village when York auctioneer, Hap Moore sold the contents of the home; although, the contents and the home had previously descended in the family since the nineteenth century. The jar is said to have been discovered in a closet inside the house, but I also assume that this jar may have originated in the York or Portsmouth-area in the eighteenth century. It is also important to note that this jar appears like it has been marked either by the maker or a previous owner or business.

Another jar that could arguably have been manufactured in New England (otherwise likely England, possibly Buckley, England) in the eighteenth century is listed in the Old York Historical Society's inventory, as early as circa 1900, where it is listed as part of the antique collection that was kept in the Old York Gaol.

According to the Old York Museums, "The Old York Gaol is one of the oldest standing colonial prisons in America dating to about 1719 or 1720, which was built over the original jail that was constructed in 1656. The jail was turned into a schoolhouse around 1879 before it was turned into a museum for colonial relics in 1900." 

Reportedly, many of the relics obtained for the original museum in 1900 were either collected or acquired locally, and the York-area is also very-likely where this red earthenware syrup jar was originally discovered before it was owned by the museum.

Note: Here is a link to an image and a brief description on the Smithsonian's website that better demonstrates (and explains) how these jars and funnels were used for the production of sugar.

18th Century Jar Found in an Early House in Old York Village in Maine
18th Century Maple Syrup Jar Found in a Closet in this House in Old York Village in Maine
See Article fore More Information
Photo Courtesy: Old York Museums - York, ME
Large 18th Century Red Earthenware Molasses Jar Likely Manufactured in the Caribbean
A Funnel Used for Sugar Production Would Have Sat On Top of this Jar
Retains a Local History of Ownership in York, ME
The Jar was Found in a Closet in the House Shown Above
See Article for More Information
Photo Courtesy: Old York Museums - York, ME
This Jar Has Been Inscribed with a Mark that Graded the Molasses
Photo Courtesy: Old York Museums - York, ME
View of the Interior of the Jar
Photo Courtesy: Old York Museums - York, ME
View of the Base
Photo Courtesy: Old York Museums - York, ME

18th Century Jar Found in Old York Gaol Inventory in Maine, Circa 1900
Large 18th Century Red Earthenware Syrup Jar Likely Made in New England or England
A Funnel Used for Sugar Production Would Have Sat On Top of this Jar
Retains a Local History of Ownership in York, ME
Found in Inventory for Museum at Old York Gaol, Circa 1900
But Likely Found in the York, Maine-Area with an Earlier History of Ownership
See Article for More Information
Photo Courtesy: Old York Museums - York, ME
View of the Glazed Interior
Photo Courtesy: Old York Museums - York, ME

Please Stay Tuned...Much More to Come...

Thursday, July 13, 2017

A Wonderful Southeastern Massachusetts Red Earthenware Jar Found Yesterday in Brimfield, Massachusetts

Yesterday was also a good day in Brimfield, Massachusetts, where I found a wonderfully glazed southeastern Massachusetts red earthenware jar in an unusual size. This is also a rare glaze to find on this type of form from this industry today - whereas, I can only speak for myself, but I do not believe I have seen this combination of glaze colors before along with crawling or separation in the glaze.

This is really a beautiful jar with a combination of orange, green and black in the glaze. The size is also rare standing only 7 1/8 inches tall. It was previously owned in New Hampshire.

Note: For more information about the eighteenth and nineteenth century potter's industry in southeastern Massachusetts -- I suggest these articles that I have previously posted.

1) SE Mass. Red Earthenware Found in Rhode Island
2) Pair of SE Mass. Marriage Jars
3) Important SE Mass. Jug from the Nolan Collection
4) SE Mass. Inkwell from the Nolan Collection

Southeastern Mass. Red Earthenware Jar
18th/19th Century Red Earthenware Jar Attributed to Southeastern Massachusetts
Purchased Yesterday in Brimfield, Mass.
Previously Owned in New Hampshire
Circa 1780-1820
Stands 7 1/8" Tall
See Article for More Information
Another View of the Jar

Please Stay Tuned...Much More to Come...

Three Pieces of Red Earthenware Purchased in Brimfield, Massachusetts that were Just Acquired from a Longtime Collection in Vermont

The antique shows in Brimfield, Massachusetts got off to a slow start earlier this week with a rainy Tuesday morning; however, the sky somewhat cleared by 9:30 am, and it was business as usual for everyone involved. While attendance is usually at its lowest at Brimfield in July when compared to May and September, there is still plenty of opportunity for treasure hunters to discover something special.

I had a really good first day, where I found a wonderful engine turned red earthenware coffee pot that would commonly be attributed to England, circa late-1700s; although, this is likely a rare example that was imitated and produced in Philadelphia in the early-nineteenth century. I posted pictures of this object on my Facebook and Instagram pages soon after the discovery.

Nevertheless, I also picked up three quality pieces of nineteenth century New England red earthenware that were brought to Brimfield for me, which had recently been purchased by two western Massachusetts antique dealers from a longtime collection in Vermont. I feel that each of these objects may have been made in Vermont, but I am going to avoid any attributions in this article; otherwise, if not Vermont, then likely Massachusetts or northern New England.

The beautifully glazed peach and salmon colored pitcher is likely an important object seeing that the base has been initialed by the potter. This is not an inscription that was later added by an owner - this inscription was done during the making of this object. I have not been able to decipher the initials, yet; although, I would be very-grateful if anyone reading this article can figure out what was written.

Note: Please notice the size of each object in the captions below - all of these pieces of red earthenware are an impressive size.

Incised Red Earthenware Jar with Beautiful Glaze
19th Century New England Red Earthenware Jar Decorated with Bands of Incised Decoration
Recently Purchased from a Longtime Collection in Vermont
Stands 9 7/8"
See Article for More Information
Another View of the Jar

Beautiful Red Earthenware Pitcher with Inscribed Base
19th Century New England Red Earthenware Pitcher
The Base is Inscribed with Probably the Potter's Initials
Recently Purchased from a Longtime Collection in Vermont
Stands 9 3/8" Tall
See Article for More Information
Another View of the Pitcher
View of the Handle
View of the Initials Inscribed onto the Base
See Article for More Information

Nicely Glazed Red Earthenware Jar
19th Century New England Red Earthenware Jar
Recently Purchased from a Longtime Collection in Vermont
Stands 10 1/8" Tall
See Article for More Information
View of One of the Handles

Please Stay Tuned...Much More to Come...

18th Century Artifacts Recovered from a Trash Area in Yarmouth, Maine

It is not everyday that the combination of Westerwald, German stoneware; European delftware; Philadelphia red earthenware; Charlestown, Massachusetts red earthenware; Staffordshire, England slipware; English white salt-glazed stoneware, along with Chinese export porcelain, English scratch blue stoneware and possibly Italian faience are uncovered within the same archaeological context. Although, this is exactly what happened with this collection of artifacts when they were discovered in the 1990s by Gorham, Maine antiques dealer, Chris Havey within a trash pit that I have previously written about in Yarmouth, Maine.

It is especially exciting to see the Philadelphia and Charlestown examples since this is likely pottery that was shipped to Yarmouth in the eighteenth century.

It is well-documented today that the Charlestown potters shipped red earthenware all over coastal New England before 1775 to places like Connecticut, Cape Cod, Nantucket, Portsmouth, New Hampshire, Maine and even Canada. Although, it was also a similar situation with the potters in Philadelphia, who are known to have exported to Delaware, New York City and Albany, New York, among other locations, as well. But this is the first time that I have seen the combination of Charlestown and Philadelphia-style red earthenware recovered from the same archaeological context/site.

It certainly makes sense that Charlestown pottery was likely exported to the Yarmouth-area since the local industry did not materialize in North Yarmouth, Maine until the 1790s. However, it is somewhat surprising to see Philadelphia pottery in this context even though it was viewed as a superior product by many in America during this period.

Note: I have also shown pictures of a 1652 Oak Tree Shilling that was also found in this trash-area in Yarmouth, Maine; wheras, two of the sides have been cut, which is likely the result of a previous owner, who was trying to save some silver scrapings in the seventeenth century.

Pottery Sherds Recovered in Yarmouth, ME
1) 18th Century Westerwald, German Stoneware
2) 18th Century European Delftware
3) 18th Century Philadelphia-Style Red Earthenware
4) 18th Century Charlestown, Mass. Red Earthenare
5) 18th Century Staffordshire, England Slipware
6) 18th Century English White Salt-Glazed Stoneware
See Article for More Information
Photo Courtesy: Chris Havey - Gorham, ME
Another View of the Artifacts
Recovered from Trash Area in Yarmouth, ME
See See Article for More Information
Photo Courtesy: Chris Havey - Gorham, ME

1652 Oak Tree Shilling Found in Yarmouth, ME
1652 Oak Tree Shilling Recovered in Yarmouth, ME
See Article for More Information
Photo Courtesy: Chris Havey - Gorham, ME
Another View of the Coin
See Article for More Information
Photo Courtesy: Chris Havey - Gorham, ME

Please Stay Tuned...Much More to Come...

A Trash Pit Discovered Behind a Seventeenth Century House in York, Maine

I recently visited the site of a trash pit found behind a seventeenth century house in York, Maine - the home is owned by Joel Lefever, who is the executive director of the Old York Historical Society. The home is actually located a few hundred yards from the historical society's buildings, most of which date from the eighteenth century, including the Old York Gaol, which is one of the oldest prison buildings in American dating to about 1720.

The trash pit was just discovered a little while ago when a tree was uprooted during a bad coastal storm revealing all types of artifacts that had been deposited before the tree existed. The artifacts included eighteenth century objects like slipware from Staffordshire, England, as well as nineteenth century artifacts, such as European black glass, historical flasks made in New Hampshire, leather shoes, imported European ceramics and domestic red earthenware. Although, the majority of the trash pit appears to date to the circa 1790-1880 period. However, the history of this site is not currently known and it is under investigation in order to determine the site's role in this community.

Personally, I find the artifacts fascinating since they likely represent the type of household wares that were available in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.

The goal with this site is to eventually allow archaeologists and students from Salem State University in Salem, Massachusetts to professionally excavate the area. But I was given permission recently to study the area, along with the red earthenware that had already been discovered.

Interestingly, York never sustained any kind of potter's industry in the eighteenth or nineteenth centuries, and to my knowledge, any type of local red earthenware production would have been extremely limited. Therefore, the red earthenware that was discovered at this site was likely an import, which may have been shipped from a potter's business elsewhere in southern Maine; although, I also suspect that some of the sherds may have originated at the Dodge Pottery in Portsmouth, New Hampshire, which was located less than ten miles away.

The Dodge Pottery is a potter's business that is not widely known today despite having been in business from the late-eighteenth century and well-past 1850. This potter's business was also related to similar operations in Exeter, New Hampshire and Portland, Maine.

Note: Salt-glazed stoneware sherds were also recovered from this trash pit in York, Maine, which likely originated at the Frederick Carpenter Pottery in Charlestown, Massachusetts. The Carpenter Pottery produced a large amount of stoneware in the late-eighteenth and nineteenth centuries and much of this production was shipped to Boston. But I have also seen Charlestown stoneware in similar contexts in places like Saco, Maine and Portsmouth, New Hampshire.

Trash Pit in York, Maine
Trash Pit Found Behind 17th Century House in York, ME
See Article for More Information
Photo Courtesy: Joel Lefever
Trash Pit Found Behind 17th Century House in York, ME
See Article for More Information
Photo Courtesy: Joel Lefever
Trash Pit Found Behind 17th Century House in York, ME
See Article for More Information
Photo Courtesy: Joel Lefever
Some of the Surface Artifacts that I Saw the Day that I Visited this Site
See Article for More Information
Photo Courtesy: Joel Lefever

Red Earthenware Sherds Recovered from Trash Pit
Late-18th and 19th Century Red Earthenware Sherds
Recovered at the Site of the Trash Pit in York, ME
Possibly Made in Southern Maine or in Portsmouth, New Hampshire
See Article for More Information
Photo Courtesy: Joel Lefever
Late-18th and 19th Century Red Earthenware Sherds
Recovered at the Site of the Trash Pit in York, ME
Possibly Made in Southern Maine or in Portsmouth, New Hampshire
See Article for More Information
Photo Courtesy: Joel Lefever
Late-18th and 19th Century Red Earthenware Sherds
Recovered at the Site of the Trash Pit in York, ME
Possibly Made in Southern Maine or in Portsmouth, New Hampshire
See Article for More Information
Photo Courtesy: Joel Lefever

Incised Red Earthenware Flower Pot
19th Century Red Earthenware Flower Pot with Banded Incised Decoration
Recovered at the Site of the Trash Pit in York, ME
Possibly Made in Southern Maine or in Portsmouth, New Hampshire
See Article for More Information
Photo Courtesy: Joel Lefever
View of the Interior of the Flower Pot Sherd
Photo Courtesy: Joel Lefever
View of the Base
Photo Courtesy: Joel Lefever
Another View of the Banded Incised Decoration

Select Red Earthenware Sherds Recovered in York, Maine
These Are Some of the Best Red Earthenware Sherds that Were Recovered
Recovered at the Site of the Trash Pit in York, ME
Possibly Made in Southern Maine or in Portsmouth, New Hampshire
See Article for More Information
Photo Courtesy: Joel Lefever
Refined 19th Century Red Earthenware Rim Sherd Decorated with a Green Glaze
Recovered at the Site of the Trash Pit in York, ME
Possibly Made in Southern Maine or in Portsmouth, New Hampshire
See Article for More Information
Photo Courtesy: Joel Lefever
Refined 19th Century Red Earthenware Rim Sherd Decorated with a Spotted Green Glaze
Recovered at the Site of the Trash Pit in York, ME
Possibly Made in Southern Maine or in Portsmouth, New Hampshire
See Article for More Information
Photo Courtesy: Joel Lefever
19th Century Red Earthenware Custard Cup Sherd Decorated with a Colorful Glaze
Recovered at the Site of the Trash Pit in York, ME
Possibly Made in Southern Maine or in Portsmouth, New Hampshire
See Article for More Information
Photo Courtesy: Joel Lefever
View of the Interior of the Custard Cup
Photo Courtesy: Joel Lefever
19th Century Red Earthenware Jug Sherd Decorated with a Colorful Glaze
Recovered at the Site of the Trash Pit in York, ME
Possibly Made in Southern Maine or in Portsmouth, New Hampshire
See Article for More Information
Photo Courtesy: Joel Lefever

Please Stay Tuned...Much More to Come...

Tuesday, July 4, 2017

An Early 19th Century Engine Turned Red Earthenware Teapot that is Similar to Artifacts Recovered in Philadelphia

Since today is July 4th, I thought I would show another object from my personal collection that seems to be related to artifacts recovered by archaeologists within a nineteenth century context at Independence Park in Philadelphia.

According to the National Park Service in Philadelphia as-well-as Independence Park archaeologist and materials specialist, Debbie Miller, "New research has revealed that nineteenth century potters in Philadelphia had the skill and technology to produce a variety of refined forms including teapots and coffee pots with intricate geometric decoration that could only be produced on an engine turning lathe."

This refined nineteenth century red earthenware teapot is thought to be related to similar artifacts, which were excavated at the site of Independence Park in Philadelphia in the twentieth century, where those objects are also thought to have been locally produced in Philadelphia. Although, similar artifacts have also been recovered at other sites in the city, as well. The following teapot also retains a history of ownership in Pennsylvania.

Some of the aforementioned artifacts were scheduled to undergo scientific testing in order to prove that this style of production undoubtedly happened in Philadelphia - but I am not sure that information has been published, yet. I know the results were schedule to be published in the American Ceramics Circle; although, I have not seen the published article.

Nevertheless, this is definitely an interesting aspect of nineteenth century American pottery production, where this teapot would have likely been previously interpreted as an example of English production probably from the late eighteenth century.

Note: The form of this teapot and the engine turned decoration is very similar to an example that was recovered by archaeologists at Independence Park in Philadelphia in the twentieth century (see below). The lid is also believed to be original

Engine Turned Red Earthenware Teapot
 19th Century Century Engine Turned Red Earthenware Teapot Likely Attributed to Philadelphia
Retains a History of Ownership in Pennsylvania
Similar Objects Have Been Excavated by Archaeologists at Independence Park in Philadelphia
Those Artifacts are Also Thought to Have Been Locally Produced
See Article for More Information
View of the Handle
View of the Lid
View of the Base

Philadelphia Artifacts from Independence Park
Various Objects Recovered at Independence Park in Philadelphia
 Photo Courtesy: Debbie Miller & Independence Archaeology Lab - Philadelphia
(Circled) Very Similar Artifact when Compared to the Teapot Above
Recovered in a 19th Century Context at Independence Park in Philadelphia
See Article for More Information
 Photo Courtesy: Debbie Miller & Independence Archaeology Lab - Philadelphia

Please Stay Tuned...Much More to Come...

Saturday, July 1, 2017

A Rare Late-18th or Early-19th Century Slip-Decorated Red Earthenware Charger Visits the Independence Archaeology Lab in Philadelphia

Since Independence Day is only a few days aways, I thought it would be a good time to show an object that I own, which is somewhat related to Independence Park in Philadelphia, where similar objects have been excavated at the site of Independence Park and other locations throughout the city. These contexts date as-early-as the few years that followed the conclusion to the American Revolution, circa 1780-1820. Although, locally produced slip-decorated red earthenware has been recovered in much earlier contexts in the city, as well. But these type of objects have also been recovered at archaeology sites to the north, south and west of Philadelphia.

Earlier this week, I was on vacation with my nephew, Jason - and, as part of our of vacation, we visited Philadelphia, along with archaeologist and materials specialist, Debbie Miller at the Archaeology Department at Independence Park.

We also thought it would be fun to bring along a terrific example of late eighteenth or early nineteenth century slip-decorated red earthenware from my collection, to the city, where it was originally manufactured. We compared this rare charger to some related artifacts that were excavated in eighteenth century contexts at Independence Park in the twentieth century.

Note: All of the artifacts shown in this article were press molded - and, these objects were also decorated with a crimped rim. It also appears that a similar slip cup was used to decorate most of these artifacts with the only difference being the technique that was used to apply the slip.

A Piece of Red Earthenware Returns Home to Philadelphia
 My Nephew, Jason Pictured with a Late 18th or Early 19th C. Charger Attributed to Philadelphia
There are a Number of Factors that Contribute to this Attribution
The Philadelphia Potter or Potter's Business Responsible for this Object is Currently Unknown
Circa 1780-1820
Measures 14" in Diameter
(Left) 18th Century Slip Decorated Artifacts Recovered in Philadelphia
(Right) A Similar Slip Cup was Used to Decorate the Charger 
 Photo Courtesy: Independence Archaeology Lab - Philadelphia
 View of the Back of the Charger and One of the Artifacts
 Photo Courtesy: Independence Archaeology Lab - Philadelphia
 (Left) 18th Century Slip Decorated Charger Recovered in Philadelphia
The Size, Clay, Crimped Rim and Decoration is Comparable to the Charger Shown to the Right
Photo Courtesy: Independence Archaeology Lab - Philadelphia
View of the Backs
 Photo Courtesy: Independence Archaeology Lab - Philadelphia

Please Stay Tuned...Much More to Come...